American president Dwight D. Eisenhower was represented at the independence ceremonies by Nelson Rockefeller, the . Unification meant only the loose affiliation of three distinct regional administrations into which Nigeria was subdividedNorthern, Western and Eastern regions. Nigerian units also contributed to two divisions serving with British forces in Palestine, Morocco, Sicily and Burma, where they won many honours. Under Goldie's direction, the Royal Niger Company was instrumental in depriving France and Germany of access to the region. Davies and Nnamdi Azikiwe. [8] British influence in the region began with the prohibition of slave trade to British subjects in 1807. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1719. The Delta streams were called "oil rivers". [74] But with the advancement and efficiency of colonial transportation networks, it was only a matter of time before the disease began to spread into the interior. In 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria from his six-year term as Governor of Hong Kong, to oversee the merger of the northern and southern protectorates. Kingdoms and empires of precolonial Nigeria, Controversies surrounding the 2007 presidential election, Nigeria under Umaru Musa YarAdua and Goodluck Jonathan, The 2015 elections and electorate concerns, Recession, fight against corruption, and insecurity, Which Country Is Larger By Population? Slaves formerly had been traded for European goods, especially guns and gunpowder, but now the British encouraged trade in palm oil in the Niger delta states, ostensibly to replace the trade in slaves. Because Western education and Christianity spread rapidly in the south and not in the north, development was much slower in the north, and the growing disparity between north and south later caused political tensions. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1315. In 1922 Kamerun was divided under a League of Nations mandate between France and Britain, Britain administering its area within the government of Nigeria; after 1946 the mandated areas were redesignated as a United Nations (UN) trust territory. We also understand that the said National African Company (limited) have full power to mine, farm, and build in any portion of our territory. The colonial period proper in Nigeria lasted from 1900 to 1960, after which Nigeria gained its independence. Christian missionaries were barred, and the limited government efforts in education were harmonized with Islamic institutions.[67]. Author. [19][41], In 18961897 the forces of the Niger Coast Protectorate fought with the remnants of the Edo Empire. The discussion of pragmatic resistance in Africa comes full circle with the former Portuguese colonies, South Africa, and Kenya. [23] Regardless, slavery had decimated the population and fuelled militarisation and chaos, thereby paving the way for more aggressive colonisation.[21][24]. Despite these difficulties, the Action Group rapidly built an effective organisation. British staffs in each region continued to operate according to procedures developed before unification. In fact, while the southern delegates pressed for European colonialists had managed to quell the efforts by Africans to resist the establishment of colonial rule with one exception. British influence in the Niger area increased gradually over the 19th century, but Britain did not effectively occupy the area until 1885. Lagos remained the capital of the south, with Zungeru the new capital of the north. The Native Administration was headed by the traditional rulersmostly emirs in the north and often obas in the southand their District Heads, who oversaw a larger number of Village Heads. Osoba and Fajana pointed . A third type of organisation that was more pointedly political was the youth or student group, which became the vehicle of intellectuals and professionals. Frederick Lugard, shortly before becoming High Commissioner of Northern Nigeria.[68]. By the mid-1940s, the major ethnic groups had formed such associations as the Igbo Federal Union and the Egbe Omo Oduduwa (Society of the Descendants of Oduduwa), a Yoruba cultural movement, in which Awolowo played a leading role. The charter allowed the company to collect customs and make treaties with local leaders.[12]. The Treasury used a planned budget for payment of staff and development of public works projects, and therefore could not be spent at the discretion of the local traditional ruler. At the same time, British scientists were interested in exploring the course and related settlements along the Niger River. The Headquarters of Gombe emirate was Gombe-Abba[15] until when the then Emir of Gombe, Umaru Kwairanga (18981922), was forced to move from Gombe-Abba, a town founded by his grandfather and the founder of Gombe Emirate, Modibbo Bubayero, to Nafada town in 1913, and then to the current Gombe in 1919, that was after Gombe Emirate was conquered by British colonialists in 1903. Trained as an army officer, he had served in India, Egypt and East Africa, where he expelled Arab slave traders from Nyasaland and established British presence in Uganda. He aroused political awareness through his newspaper, the Lagos Daily News. The Anglicans and other religious groups had a conscious "native church" policy to develop indigenous ecclesiastical institutions to become independent of Europeans. The central government, presided over by the governor-general and accountable to the secretary for the colonies in London, was more powerful but distant from the people. Recovery came quickly and improvements in port facilities and the transportation infrastructure during World War I furthered economic development. Initially, most palm oil (and later kernels) came from Igboland, where palm trees formed a canopy over the densely inhabited areas of the Ngwa, Nri Kingdom, Awka and other Igbo peoples. The traders suffered from the risks of their position and believed they were at the mercy of the coastal rulers, whom they considered unpredictable. Although it reserved effective power in the hands of the Governor-General and his appointed Executive Council, the so-called Richards Constitution (after Governor-General Sir Arthur Richards, who was responsible for its formulation) provided for an expanded Legislative Council empowered to deliberate on matters affecting the whole country. However, development of the Nigerian oilfields slowed when Bergheim died in a car crash in September 1912. He insisted on maintaining the territorial integrity of the Northern Region. After 1900, Europe began to introduce changes to colonial rule in an effort to increase revenues from the colonies. ", Simon Heap, "'We think prohibition is a farce': drinking in the alcohol-prohibited zone of colonial northern Nigeria. The NPC federal parliamentary leader, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, was appointed Prime Minister of Nigeria. British and French traders did a large share of this business until 1807 when they were replaced by the Portuguese and the Spaniards. Elliot J. Berg, "The Development of a Labour Force in Sub-Saharan Africa"; France sold Louisiana to the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Military history of Nigeria during World War II, National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits, "The Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954", "Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs' town ruined by the British", A Very Bloody Transaction: Old Calabar and the Massacre of 1767, The Impact of the Slave Trade on African Economies, "Managing Epidemic: The British Approach to 19181919 Influenza in Lagos", "The Nigerian Victory Against The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and 1897 Smallpox Epidemic", "African Pentecostalism and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: The Supernatural Amid the Fearful and Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic", "The influenza pandemic of 191819 and the spread of cassava cultivation on the lower Niger: a study in historical linkages", Google Cultural Institute: Birth of the Nigerian Colony, 18511914, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Nigeria&oldid=1136412842. Balewa formed a coalition government that included the Action Group as well as the NCNC to prepare the country for the final British withdrawal. refusing to pay. Even before gaining its charter, the Company signed treaties with local leaders which granted it broad sovereign powers. The Governor was, in effect, the coordinator for virtually autonomous entities that had overlapping economic interests but little in common politically or socially. He also led the Nigerian National Democratic Party, which dominated elections in Lagos from its founding in 1922 until the ascendancy of the National Youth Movement in 1938. To be sure, there were widespread resistances against colonial rule, which include the 'Abd al-Qadir led resistance against the French in Algeria, the Asante King (Prempeh I) led revolt against British colonialists in Ghana, the Maji Maji revolt in Tanganyika, the Ndebele rebellions in Rhodasia, the Ijebu Kingdom and the Opobo resistances in . Because of the spread of mission schools and wealth derived from export crops, the southern parties were committed to policies that would benefit the south of the country. One continues to wonder how a national history could be attained One 1885 treaty read: We, the undersigned King and Chiefs [] with the view to the bettering of the condition of our country and people, do this day cede to the National Africa Company (Limited), their heirs and assigns, forever, the whole of our territory [] We also give the said National African Company (Limited) full power to settle all native disputes arising from any cause whatever, and we pledge ourselves not to enter into any war with other tribes without the sanction of the said National Africa Company (Limited). . Political activists in the southern areas spoke of self-government in terms of educational opportunities and economic development. A . Like in other countries under imperialist rule, colonialism in Nigeria resulted in numerous positive and negative impacts. Nigeria is a country in West Africa and was colonized by the British. Although realistic in its assessment of the situation in Nigeria, the Richards Constitution undoubtedly intensified regionalism as an alternative to political unification. These schools would teach "the basic principles that would and should regulate character and conduct". The exploitation of the women's work led to resistance movements and led the women to develop more political awareness and engage in and aid existing decolonization movements. The Action Group consistently supported minority-group demands for autonomous states within a federal structure, as well as the severance of a midwest state from the Western Region. They wanted self-government, charging that only colonial rule prevented the unshackling of progressive forces in Nigeria and other states. Despite the acceptance of European and North American influences, the nationalists were critical of colonialism for its failure to appreciate the antiquity, richness and complexity of indigenous cultures. Despite his somewhat successful efforts to enlist non-Yoruba support, the regionalist sentiment that had stimulated the party initially continued. Resistance to colonial rule was mitigated to the extent that local authorities and courts were able to manage affairs. In: The Journal of African History: (1990 . Deadly battles broke out sporadically through 1906. The NPC platform emphasized the integrity of the north, its traditions, religion and social order. The emirs retained their caliphate titles but were responsible to British district officers, who had final authority. If adopted, his proposals can hardly be a permanent solution and I gather that Sir F. Lugard only regards them as temporaryat any rate in part. Colonial Nigeria was ruled by the British Empire from the mid-nineteenth century until 1960 when Nigeria achieved independence. British influence in the region began with the prohibition of slave trade to British subjects in 1807. In 1929, this incident in Nigeria later became one of the reasons for the fight against colonial rule in Africa A) The Nigerian Oil crisis B) The Aba Women's Revolt C) . [27] To produce all this oil, the economy of the southern region crossed over from mostly subsistence to the production of palm oil as a cash crop.[28]. They caused major transformations in traditional society as they eroded the religious institutions such as human sacrifice, infanticide and secret societies, which had formerly played a role in political authority and community life.[26]. [73] In direct reaction to the epidemic, colonial authorities allowed African doctors and medical personnel to work with influenza patients due to the severity of the situation. For this objective, the Company chose to administer the African inhabitants of the Niger Sudan through their traditional rulers and their political institutions. Any activity in the north that might include participation by the federal government (and consequently by southern civil servants) was regarded as a challenge to the primacy of the emirates. The said National African Company (Limited) bind themselves to protect the said King and Chiefs from the attacks of any neighbouring tribes (Ibid.). Under the Political Department of the Civil Service were Residents and District Officers, responsible for overseeing operations in each region. In the south, by contrast, traditional rulers were employed as vehicles of indirect rule in Edoland and Yorubaland, but Christianity and Western education undermined their sacerdotal functions. Native Administration was responsible for police, hospitals, public works and local courts. In case of resistance by one of its friends the other would join hands to mount formidable resistance against colonial rule e.g. Significantly, Macauley's NNDP remained almost entirely a Lagos party, popular only in the area whose people already had experience in elective politics. [49], Concrete plans for transition to Crown ruledirect control by the British Governmentapparently began in 1897. Nigeria Table of Contents. The Governor-General, in turn, was responsible for appointing the prime minister and for choosing a candidate from among contending leaders when there was no parliamentary majority. Bello wanted to protect northern social and political institutions from southern influence. Non-violent Resistance - In the Year of African Independence, 1961, 17 countries declared themselves independent of colonial powers, most of them non-violently, through protest and/or negotiation . The officers of the RWAFF were British. [57], Egerton also supervised improvements to the Lagos harbour and extension of the local telegraph network. [8] Azikiwe was installed as Governor-General of the federation and Balewa continued to serve as head of a democratically elected parliamentary, but now completely sovereign, government. The Sokoto jihad and the Yoruba wars stimulated the slave trade at a time when the British were actively trying to stop it. of British Colonial Nigeria. Introduction. [72] In line with this attitude, he rejected Lugard's proposal for moving the capital from Lagos, the stronghold of the elite in whom he placed so much confidence for the future. Wartime experiences provided a new frame of reference for many soldiers, who interacted across ethnic boundaries in ways that were unusual in Nigeria. Critics, including representatives of the Middle Belt who resented Muslim domination, were relegated to small, peripheral parties or to inconsequential separatist movements.[85]. The Royal Niger Company had its own armed forces. Officials of the Sokoto Caliphate considered these treaties quite differently; from their perspective, the British were granted only extraterritorial rights that did not prevent similar arrangements with the Germans and the French and certainly did not surrender sovereignty. By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, it ended slavery in its possessions. He definitely laid the basis for British claims. Today, Lagos remains Nigeria's financial capital and, as home to an estimated eight million people, ranks . The large companies that subsequently opened depots in the delta cities and in Lagos were as ruthlessly competitive as the delta towns themselves and frequently used force to compel potential suppliers to agree to contracts and to meet their demands. Areas with lucrative crops such as cacao and peanuts (groundnuts) profited, while many people in different parts of the country had to migrate to work elsewhere as tenant farmers or use their newly acquired education and skills to work in cities as wage earners, traders, and artisans. But in the 1700s, the Bight of Benin (also known as the Slave Coast) became the next most important hub. The trade subsequently continued under the Portuguese Empire. rebellion. They took the right to rule over it, to levy taxes, to depose kings and to create kings. Although churchmen in Britain had been influential in the drive to abolish the slave trade, significant missionary activity for Africa did not develop until the 1840s. The conditions that led African peoples to resist colonial rule often emerged from longstanding grievances against colonial labor exploitation taxation racist and paternalist practices arbitrary violence and political illegitimacy. Among the problems needing attention before the British would grant full independence was the minorities fear of discrimination by a future government based on majority ethnic groups. Because of the hazards of climate and tropical diseases for Europeans and the absence of any centralized authorities on the mainland responsive to their interests, European merchants moored their ships outside harbours or in the delta, and used the ships as trading stations and warehouses. [40] By 1893, most of the other political entities in Yorubaland recognised the practical necessity of signing another treaty with the British, this one explicitly joining them with the protectorate of Lagos. The most important innovations in the new charter reinforced the dual course of constitutional evolution, allowing for both regional autonomy and federal union. Hogendorn. In the face of threats to the divided Yoruba states from Dahomey and the Sokoto Caliphate, as represented by the emirate of Ilorin, the British Governorassisted by the CMSsucceeded in imposing peace settlements on the interior. In May of this year, Herbert J. David Richardson, "Background to annexation: Anglo-African credit relations in the Bight of Biafra, 17001891"; in Ptr-Grenouilleau. [77] Its revenue quickly increased, from 4,424 in 1901 to 274,989 in 1910. Initial British attempts to open trade with the interior by way of the Niger could not overcome climate and diseases such as malaria. The southern nationalists were inspired by a variety of sources, including such prominent American-based activists as Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. The Resident also oversaw a Provincial Court at the region's capital. It was a resistance movement whereby women in the Eastern Provinces of the British colony of Nigeria intended to reverse colonial policies that intruded on their political, economic, and social participation in local communities. It was suspended in 1950 against a call for greater autonomy, which resulted in an inter-parliamentary conference at Ibadan in 1950. But by providing for comparable regional governments exercising broad legislative powers, which could not be overridden by the newly established 185-seat federal House of Representatives, the Macpherson Constitution also gave a significant boost to regionalism. [25][n 1], The missionaries gained in power throughout the 1800s. European slave trading from West Africa began before 1650, with people taken at a rate of about 3,000 per year. Most Europeans tended to overlook their own differences and were surprised and shocked that Nigerians wanted to develop new denominations independent of European control. Selected petitions and written correspondence between Igbo women and British officials between 1892 and 1960 shed fresh light on how women navigated . Between them, the French and the British had purchased a majority of the slaves sold from the ports of Edo. Play off ethnic and social divisions . [32], In 1880, the British Government and traders demonetised the Maria Theresa dollar, to the considerable dismay of its local holders, in favour of the pound sterling. At the turn of the century, top wages were four bags of salt (company retail price, 3s 9d) for a month of work. At the same time it is feasible by degrees to bring them gradually into approximation with our ideas of justice and humanity. In the 1700s, the British Empire and other European powers had settlements and forts in West Africa but had not yet established the full-scale plantation colonies which existed in the Americas. They later discovered that the demand for . A lack of interest in extending the NPC beyond the Northern Region corresponded to this strictly regional orientation. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1012. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 8(04), 563. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00023909, This page was last edited on 30 January 2023, at 05:21. The decrease in trade indirectly led to the collapse of states like the Edo Empire. The most powerful figure in the party was Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto. They, in turn, have by defeat lost their rule which has come into the hands of the British. Two tiers of government emerged, central and local. Colonial official A. J. Harding commented in 1913: Sir F. Lugard's proposal contemplates a state which it is impossible to classify. In an economy with many qualified applicants for every post, great resentment was generated by any favouritism that authorities showed to members of their own ethnic group. Total revenues of central and regional governments nearly doubled in relation to the gross domestic product during the decade. [11], The British led a series of military campaigns to enlarge its sphere of influence and expand its commercial opportunities. Vice consuls were assigned to ports that already had concluded treaties of cooperation with the Foreign Office. Park reached the upper Niger the next year by travelling inland from the Gambia River. A new constitution was created in 1922 under British colonial rule, largely due to Nigerian calls for reform. The essential basis of this system was a money economyspecifically the British pound sterlingwhich could be demanded through taxation, paid to cooperative natives, and levied as a fine. Focusing on Britain and Africa, this looks at the growth of anti-colonial resistance and opposition to racism in the prelude to the post-colonial era. practice of indirect rule, Brown contends that culture industries like Nollywood can sustain capitalism . The British Culture in Nigeria. Local rulers continued to administer their territories, but consular authorities assumed jurisdiction for the equity courts established earlier by the foreign mercantile communities. Other firms applying for licenses were rejected. The protest began in the The CMS initially promoted Africans to responsible positions in the mission field; for instance, they appointed Samuel Ajayi Crowther as the first Anglican Bishop of the Niger. The Eastern region was dominated by Azikiwe and the Western one by Chief Obafemi Awolowo, a Yoruba lawyer who in 1950 founded the Action Group. The Women's War of 1929, known among Igbo women as Ogu Umunwanyi, occurred from November 23 to January 10, 1930. A "house" included the extended family of the trader, including retainers and slaves. Public works, such as harbour dredging and road and railway construction, opened Nigeria to economic development. . Colonial Nigeria was the area of West Africa that became the modern day Nigeria, during the time of British rule in the 19th and 20th centuries. Newspapers, some of which were published before World War I, provided coverage of nationalist views. The Igbo redirected slaves into the domestic economy, especially to grow the staple food crop, yams, in northern Igboland for marketing throughout the palm-tree belt. We bind ourselves not to have any intercourse with any strangers or foreigners except through the said national African Company (Limited), and we give the said National African Company (Limited) full power to exclude all other strangers and foreigners from their territory at their discretion. [18], In 1807, the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted the Slave Trade Act, prohibiting British subjects from participating in the Atlantic slave trade. [81] In 1936, of 6,259,547 income for the Nigerian state, 1,156,000 went back to England as home pay for British officials in the Nigerian civil service. The conference drafted the terms of a new constitution. How did Africans resist c. [12] Trade was also conducted through a mechanism of barter and credit. The Colonial Office approved most of Lugard's plan, but balked at authorising him to pass laws without their approval. The NPC continued to represent the interests of the traditional order in the pre-independence deliberations. From 1815 to 1840, palm oil exports increased by a factor of 25, from 800 to 20,000 tons per year. During World War II, three battalions of the Nigeria Regiment fought against Fascist Italy in the Ethiopian campaign. The Emirs and chiefs who are appointed will rule over the people as of old-time and take such taxes as are approved by the High Commissioner, but they will obey the laws of the Governor and will act in accordance with the advice of the Resident. Native institutions were utilized and interference with local customs kept to a minimum, although the British did not always understand the local customs. These changes included taking land from African people and giving it to the growing number of Europeans in the colonies. took careful account of Islam and avoided any appearance of a challenge to traditional values that might incite resistance to British rule. "The agents performed similar but more expansive roles as their Company counterparts. Colonial Nigeria was ruled by the British Empire from the mid-nineteenth century until 1960 when Nigeria achieved independence. The Nigerian Resistance. During the war, the colonial government earmarked a large portion of the Nigerian budget as a contribution to imperial defence. Economic Impact The [] In some cases, British assignment of people to ethnic groups, and treatment based along ethnic lines, led to identification with ethnicity where none had existed before.[84]. (During World War II they again served in East Africa, as well as in Burma [now Myanmar].) Then they resisted the policy as much as possible. This was used for Britain's main purpose of taking control of the region. Traditional authorities were co-opted in the north, where the spread of Western education by Christian missionaries was strongly resisted by Muslim leaders. In Africa comes full nigeria resistance to colonial rule with the prohibition of slave trade to British subjects in 1807 final British withdrawal final. Ibadan in 1950 final authority in 1901 to 274,989 in 1910 most Europeans tended to overlook their own differences were. 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