Overall, about 7,000 soldiers took part in these experiments that involved exposures to more than 250 different chemicals, according to the Department of Defense (DoD). "That's going to be on my tombstone," Bollinger says. Yet another lawsuit was filed against the town of Edgewood this week, this time by a former member of the town's planning and zoning commission, alleging violation of the Inspection of Public Records Act. From 1955 to 1975, the Army conducted chemical weapons testing on volunteer soldiers at the Edgewood Arsenal facility in Maryland in pursuit of an agent that could disable enemy troops on the field of battle without killing them. The lawsuit sought for the veterans to be notified about what substances they had received and be provided medical coverage. Call: 988 (Press 1), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs | 810 Vermont Avenue, NW Washington DC 20420. II. "If I were back in Congress, I'd be asking that question.". Cavell and five others were told to stay put. The committee's understanding is that additional, and potentially relevant, material on SHAD tests exists and remains classified. 3, "Final Report: Current Health Status of Test Subjects" (1985). In 2009 a lawsuit was filed by veterans rights organizations Vietnam Veterans of America, and . "And as far as the secretary and I are concerned, we're about to do right by them.". According to a CNN report that aired in March 2012, from 1955 to 1975 more than 7,000 soldiers each spent two months at Edgewood Arsenal, where they were exposed to as many 250 different chemical and biological agents as part of secret medical experiments. But until NPR inquired about his case, all of those claims had been denied. Lieberman, while acknowledging that "most of the military data" on the research ongoing at the Army Chemical Center was "secret and unpublished", asserted that "There are moral imponderables, such as whether insanity, temporary or permanent, is a more 'humane' military threat than the usual afflictions of war. Lasting from 1950 to 1975, the experiments took place at Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland. Health Care These men aren't polished or rehearsed, and the filmmakers let them have their say, even when things veer into pure speculation. [21], On appeal in Vietnam Veterans of America v. Central Intelligence Agency, a panel majority held in July 2015 that Army Regulation 70-25 (AR 70-25) created an independent duty to provide ongoing medical care to veterans who participated in U.S. chemical and biological testing programs. The court granted the defendants' motion for summary judgment with respect to the other claims. This is Part 2 of a two-part investigation on mustard gas testing conducted by the U.S. military during World War II. Thank you. This top secret Cold War research program initially looked for ways to defend against a chemical or biological attack by the Soviet Union, thought to be far ahead of the United States in psycho-chemical warfare. The lawsuit detailed how the military secretly tested drugs and chemicals on thousands of soldiers including dangerous nerve gases like Sarin and incapacitating agents like LSD and BZ, that Paul called Benzene. According to the memoirs of James Ketchum, who also cites the IOM study for the data, "24 belladonnoid glycolates and related compounds" were "given to 1,800 subjects". Josephs applied for veterans benefits based on chemical exposure at Edgewood. A refusal to satisfy their legal and moral obligations to locate the victims of experiments or to provide health care or compensation to them. He married Michelle, a nurse, in 1977, but the couple decided not to have children, fearing his chemical exposure might somehow affect them. In order to best serve veterans and their families, VA continues to study the possibility of long-term health effects associated with in-service exposure to chemical and biological weapons, the letter promised. The chemical caused a delirium that included hallucinations and an inability to carry out tasks. They decided to live in the country. Ariel Zambelich/NPR. Your effort and contribution in providing this feedback is much Ariel Zambelich/NPR All Rights Reserved. You will now be able to tab or arrow up or down through the submenu options to access/activate the submenu links. None of the requested materials were cleared for public release as of this writing (2016).[19]. "It's important that these soldiers who served their country are honored and get to the tell their story," Hancock said. Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way, Donate to the Salvation Army Red Kettle Challenge, Storm 5 Alert: Several waves of storms though Friday afternoon (3.1.23). 1, "Anticholinesterases and Anticholinergics", Vol. Several veterans claimed they were exposed to dangerous chemicals during government-sponsored Cold War experiments without their knowledge, and they filed suit in 2009 against the Army, Veterans Affairs, the CIA and the Department of Defense. Josephs has not received any health benefits related to his time as a human test subject at Edgewood. Elimination of the chemicals held here was put on an accelerated schedule after the September 11, 2001, attacks, and all chemical weapons were destroyed by February 2006. For 20 years the government tested chemicals on soldiers who were not aware what was being put in their bodies. Credit: Edgewood Arsenal. Officials say they can't explain why the benefits weren't granted sooner. Two autobiographical books from psychiatrists conducting human experiments at Edgewood have been self-published: Journalist Linda Hunt, citing records from the. NASHVILLE, Tenn. (WTVF) A top-secret military program treated active-duty U.S. soldiers like they were guinea pigs according to a class action lawsuit that shed light on what happened. "It's an important story that needs to be told and it's a story that frankly a lot of people don't know," Hancock said. It concluded that "Whether the subjects at Edgewood incurred these changes [depression, cognitive deficits, tendency to suicide] and to what extent they might now show these effects are not known". Vets feel abandoned after secret drug experiments, Former sergeant seeks compensation for LSD testing at Edgewood Arsenal, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edgewood_Arsenal_human_experiments&oldid=1124810855, Development evaluation and test procedures, Effects of drugs and environmental stress on human physiological mechanisms, Human factors tests (ability to follow instructions), Other (visual studies, sleep deprivation, etc. Tests began for Josephs almost as soon as he arrived at Edgewood for a two-month assignment on January 1, 1968. The IOM study also concluded that "available data suggest that long-term toxic effects and/or delayed sequellae are unlikely" for this type of compound.[15]. He says he tires easily. A third type of test exposed troops to gas outdoors in simulated combat settings. The agents tested included chemical warfare agents and other related agents (inactive substances or placebos such as saline were used): There are no tests today that can confirm exposure to agents from decades ago. According to the class action lawsuit filed on behalf of Edgewood Arsenal veterans, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), despite having actively participated in the experiments, has denied between 97% and 99% of all disability or death claims arising out of the exposures. For 20. Naval Training Center in Bainbridge, Md. Things were different back then. Your email will only be used if a response is needed. Edgewood/Aberdeen Experiments From 1955 to 1975, the U.S. Army Chemical Corps conducted classified medical studies at Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland. The VA has been accused of bias in these claims denials due to its self-interest in the issues. In September 1975, the Medical Research Volunteer Program was discontinued and all resident volunteers were removed from the Edgewood installation. Secret World War II Chemical Experiments Tested Troops By Race. [3] In the 1950s, some officials in the U.S. Department of Defense publicly asserted that many "forms of chemical and allied warfare as more 'humane' than existing weapons. After a stint at a defense company in Tennessee, Carl Gepp got a job in 1965 as an engineer working on the Honest John missile back at the Edgewood Arsenal. While in the Navy, Cavell (center, No. As a result, at least one class action lawsuit has been filed against the Defense Department and Department of Veteran Affairs, with the hope of, at the very least, getting . "[6], The Edgewood Arsenal human experiments took place from approximately 1948 to 1975 at the Medical Research Laboratorieswhich is now known as the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD)at the Edgewood Area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Learn more from the Department of Defense.A2016 report to the DoD on long-term health effects due to participation in these tests concluded that although effects of the individual agents had been established in the literature, test subjects would have endured lower concentrations for shorter durations and no significant effects had been observed in the health of test subjects in the years since the tests occurred. 3, "Final Report: Current Health Status of Test Subjects", Health Outcomes Among Veterans of Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense) (2016), "United States v. Stanley, 483 US 669 - Supreme Court 1987", "Vietnam Veterans of America v. Central Intelligence Agency", "THE HUMAN ASSESSMENT OF EA 1729 AND EA 3528 BY THE INHALATION ROUTE", "Assessment of Potential Long Term Health Effects on Army Human Test Subjects of Relevant Biological and Chemical Agents, Drugs, Medications and Substances", "King's Collections: Archive Catalogues: Military Archives", "Operation Delirium: Decades after a risky Cold War experiment, a scientist lives with secrets". Discovery Company. If you are in crisis or having thoughts of suicide, To date, these policies have not been applied to World War II vets who were exposed to mustard gas. The soldiers were induced to become part of the experiments by program representatives who said they were looking for soldiers to test Army gear, vehicles, and military combat equipment, CNN said. In the early 1990s, VA officials also announced the agency would lower its burden of proof to make getting benefits easier in these cases. An "Independent Study Course" for continuing medical education produced by the US Department of Veterans Affairs, Health Effects from Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Weapons (October 2003),[12] presents the following summary of the Edgewood Arsenal experiments: Renewed interest led to renewed human testing by the Department of Defense (DoD), although ultimately on a much smaller scale. hide caption. The plaintiffs collectively referred to themselves as the "Test Vets". NPR interviewed more than 40 living test subjects and family members, and they describe an unending cycle of appeals and denials as they struggled to get government benefits for mustard gas exposure. While the soldiers were given the option to decline the drug testing, there were innuendos of bad punishments if they did not participate, the former soldier said, according to CNN. Bollinger gave up appealing VA rejections in 1994, after four years of traveling back and forth 30 miles to a VA office office in Pittsburgh. According to CNN, declassified government documents indicated the men were exposed to incapacitating drugs like BZ; or to sarin, an extremely toxic, potentially deadly substance that disrupts the nervous system; or to VX, a liquid neurotoxin considered one of the most dangerous chemicals created. There were instances of chemical damages to the car. Edgewood Arsenal MKULTRA Lawsuit Larry Scott has been all over this betrayal. In the late 1940s and early '50s, the U.S. Army worked with Harvard anesthesiologist Henry K. Beecher at its interrogation center at Camp King in Germany on the use of psychoactive compounds (mescaline, LSD), including human subject experiments and the debriefing of former Nazi physicians and scientists who had worked along similar lines before the end of the war. But he's haunted by what happened to him at Edgewood. "Dr. Delirium & the Edgewood Experiments" gives ample airtime to theories that Edgewood hosted Nazi scientists given asylum under the Pentagon's notorious Operation Paperclip program, but never quite manages to tie the Germans to Ketchum's experiments. v. Central Intelligence Agency, et al. However, the declaration was an effective deterrent, and the Axis powers did not use . Youre going to Vietnam either way before or after, Josephs said recently. We closely follow guidance from the World Wide Web Consortium. Cheryl Huppertz filed a lawsuit in district court Sept. 28, seeking a writ of mandamus to compel Edgewood to produce public [] They deserve that respect and the audience this documentary can bring. [10], According to a DOD FAQ, the Edgewood Arsenal experiments involved the following "rough breakout of volunteer hours against various experimental categories":[11]. According to the 1984 NRC review, human experiments at DoD's Edgewood Arsenal involved about 1,500 subjects who were experimentally exposed to irritant and blister agents including: For example, from 1958 to 1973 at least 1,366 human subjects underwent experimental exposure specifically with the riot-control agent CS at Edgewood Arsenal (NRC 1984). Three test subjects enter a gas chamber, which will fill with mustard gas, as part of the military's secret chemical warfare testing in March 1945. In 1968, Tim Josephs was told he would be testing gas masks, boots and other clothing, he said. In his mid-50s, Josephs was diagnosed with Parkinsons disease, a progressive neurological condition that forced him to retire early. Edgewood Arsenal was a classified US army facility in Maryland where recruits were subjected to sarin, VX, teargas, LSD and PCP. Similarly, cholinesterase reactivators antidotes such as 2-PAM were tested on about 750 subjects. 1, "Anticholinesterases and Anticholinergics" (1982). Finally, from 1962 to 1972, a total of 123 irritant chemicals were tested on only two subjects each exposed using a wind tunnel (NRC 1984). Not enrolled in the VA health care system? The test subjects who are still alive are now in their 80s and 90s. If, at any time, you have difficulty using this website, please contact us. 1,073 subjects were exposed to aerosolized CS; 82 subjects had both skin applications and aerosol exposures; and finally. ", Goss says he thinks the VA never delivered on its promises because this issue has been disappearing on its own for years. "These were active-duty U.S. service members being used as human guinea pigs," Hancock said. 2, "Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals and Irritants and Vesicants" (1984), Vol. The purpose was to evaluate the impact of low-dose chemical warfare agents on military personnel and to test protective clothing and pharmaceuticals. There is no VA environmental health registry associated with Edgewood/Aberdeen chemical tests. The lawsuit's argument is in line with broader criticisms of Edgewood: that, whether out of military urgency or scientific dabbling, the Army recklessly endangered the lives of its soldiers . NPR Investigations Research Librarian Barbara Van Woerkom contributed reporting and research to this investigation. The Edgewood Arsenal human experiments took place from approximately 1948 to 1975 at the Medical Research Laboratories which is now known as the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD) at the Edgewood Area . "Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Warfare Agents", Sommer, Harold Z. Krenzer, John Miller, Jacob I. EA 1464 and Related Compounds. Paul retired from the military and went on to raise a family in Nashville. She has been an editor at Military Times for 20 years, covering issues that affect service members. [17], The official position of the Department of Defense, based on the three-volume set of studies by the Institute of Medicine mentioned above, is that they "did not detect any significant long-term health effects on the Edgewood Arsenal volunteers". The release of the new document comes after a year in which the Navy saw several major clusters of suicides. Read the secret (now unclassified) Army document revealing BZ tests on soldiers (PDF). "And these people should have long been appropriately provided for. However once the experiments were uncovered, the US Senate also concluded questionable legality of the experiments and strongly condemned them. Updated In the midst of the Cold War, the military was concerned chemical agents could be used against U.S. soldiers. To access the menus on this page please perform the following steps. Those regulations have kept veterans like Harry Bollinger, 88, from receiving benefits. The moment 18-year-old Army Pvt. 7 Jun 2022 Military.com | By James Barber From 1955 to 1975, the Army conducted chemical weapons testing on volunteer soldiers at the Edgewood Arsenal facility in Maryland in pursuit of an. It also released soldiers from their oath of secrecy. A small portion of these studies were directed at psychochemical warfare and grouped under the prosaic title of the "Medical Research Volunteer Program" (19561975). A Government Accounting Office report of May 2004, Chemical and Biological Defense: DOD Needs to Continue to Collect and Provide Information on Tests and Potentially Exposed Personnel (pp. In the Army's tests, as with those of the CIA, individual rights were subordinated to national security considerations; informed consent and follow-up examinations of subjects were neglected in efforts to maintain the secrecy of the tests. And it just goes on for years and years, and they just want to wear us down. Rep., at 411.[5])[20]. "I don't think there's an explanation for why this program wasn't more successful," Goss says. But instead, the military deliberately exposed them to chemical and biological agents. The MRVP was also driven by intelligence requirements and the need for new and more effective interrogation techniques. A recent class action lawsuit filed by the Vietnam Veterans of America required the U.S. Army to provide medical care to veterans who volunteered to contribute to the advancement of the U.S. biological and chemical programs. These agents are still used today as antidotes to organophosphorus nerve agent poisoning, including accidental poisoning by organophosphorus pesticides. 27), then 19, volunteered for the military's secret chemical testing program in exchange for two weeks' vacation. 1, 24), stated: [In 1993 and 1994] we [] reported that the Army Chemical Corps conducted a classified medical research program for developing incapacitating agents. A tattered ball cap that says World War II veteran hangs by the front door in his house. Although, we tried.". "And that's what I have problems with today. Improved Synthesis of EA 1464 and Preparation of its Corresponding Di-(Hydrogen Oxalate) Salt, EA 3669. This kind of behavior toward our veterans would not be allowed to happen, Erspamer said. Greene, L. Wilson, "Psychochemical Warfare: A New Concept of War", U. S. Army Chemical Center, Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland; August 1949. "We weren't told what it was," says Charlie Cavell, who was 19 when he volunteered for the program in exchange for two weeks' vacation. The lack of a detailed record hampered the investigation. The judges in 2015 rejected a district courts earlier argument that the Army didnt have to provide medical care for the veterans because some of them receive VA care, The judges instead ruled the Army has a duty to provide them care. Historic images from the Naval Research Laboratory depict results of a test subject who was exposed to mustard gas. The claims process has also been complicated by Department of Defense claims that it cannot find records to substantiate most of the veterans participation in the tests, causing the VA to summarily deny those claims, the lawsuit alleges. It is not known how many soldiers may be experiencing long-tem health problems because of their participation in the U.S. Army medical experiments at Edgewood Arsenal. [] At Edgewood, even at the highest doses it often took an hour or more for incapacitating effects to show, and the end-effects usually did not include full incapacitation, let alone unconsciousness. Veterans may file a claim for disability compensation for health problems they believe are related to exposures during Edgewood/Aberdeen chemical tests. Attorney James Hancock works with the California law firm Morrison & Foerster, which filed a class action lawsuit back in 2008 against the CIA and Department of Defense. It claimed "no significant health effects have been observed" in those who were tested. After NPR's inquiry, the VA told NPR there was enough evidence to grant his claims. Recent reports indicated that as many as 7,000 soldiers may have been subjected to these experiments in a top secret Cold War research program studying chemical and biological weapons. Nashville veteran Dennis Paul, 79, discussed his experience in the program with NewsChannel 5 Investigates, saying he it impacted him long after he left the Army. Sometimes, he has trouble swallowing. Tim clearly had adverse health effects because they gave him such high doses that he ranged from overdose with one substance to the antidote, back and forth, and he actually had to get a very powerful antipsychotic drug because, in the vernacular, he flipped out.. When those experiments were formally declassified in the 1990s, the Department of Veterans Affairs made two promises: to locate about 4,000 men who were used in the most extreme tests, and to compensate those who had permanent injuries. The website has details about applying for medical care through this program. Since I grew up in close proximity to Edgewood with obvious chemical testing, how much can I have transferred birth defects to him? including tests designed to look for racial difference. She previously worked as an editor and staff writer at newspapers in Columbus, Georgia; Huntsville, Alabama; Bloomington, Indiana; Monterey, California and in Germany. Josephs left the service when his three-year tour ended, and he began a career as a real estate agent. I really felt a duty to my country to go and serve, he said. If you are concerned about exposures during Edgewood/Aberdeen chemical tests, talk to your health care provider or yourlocal environmental health provider. CV-09-0037-CW, U.S.D.C. "There was no identifying information," he says. Josephs had volunteered for a two-month assignment at Edgewood, in Maryland, lured by three-day weekends closer to home. "I'm sorry," Flohr says. Schnurman, who died in 2013 when he was 87, had suffered debilitating injuries after being tested at the U.S. As late as 2014 incomplete information due to the failure to declassify and release relevant classified documents prevented IOM from conducting adequate medical studies related to similar former US biowarfare programs. You can't hardly walk, and your mind is going so many different directions," Paul said. Researchers there had recorded his full name in neat handwriting on lined paper. And instances when she told me when the office people had to stay indoors instill all cleared. Only a small number of all the experiments done during this period involved mustard agents or Lewisite. All Rights Reserved. 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