The marine coastal ecosystem is made up of different zones. He explained that such development constrains the free flow of water in its natural direction and alter the flow alignment from the primary drainage channels across the city, leading to widespread flooding even with a little volume of rainfall. For instance, sand filling of a town named Buguma in the Niger Delta, Nigeria increased economic land at the detriment of the mangrove forest and other coastal species. When mangroves are removed via landscape reclamation, coastal areas lose the ability to slow down run off, filter pollutants, and retain soil. In a natural seedling recruitment, after a disturbance event the first set of species that settle and colonize an area are the pioneer species. It is the forceful or legal takeover of coastal area by individuals or government officials. There's money to be made in moving land to the right place. 1. Land is highly priced and many have died for its sake through fratricidal wars and communal clashes because of its scarcity. This further denigrates the soil structure and converts the aquatic environment to marshy environment. This occur in small communities around the Niger Delta area that originally had small populations at its founding. London, SW7 2QJ, Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nations commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. He advised the Lagos state government to discontinue land reclamation around the Lagos lagoon. sea-side resort, roads, houses, light poles and shopping malls. Farms are generally small and scattered and use simple tools and shifting cultivation. The sand mining activity was abandoned after 2 years of operation. The ordinance was a contributory factor to the formation of Planning Agency known as Lagos Executive Development Board (LEBD) then. Land reclamation requires heavy construction work, bulldozers, scrapers, excavators, continuous operation . It is the returning of lands to an improved state. For instance, establishment of refinery in a locality leads to the reclamation of more coastal lands to harbor the cluster of people who come to seek for jobs. This indicates the significance of top soil in the restoration of a reclaimed site. The swampy environment is a mixture of mud and water, after a long period of perturbation the swampy soil gets solidified and changes to a terrestrial environment. One, two, three, four, five, 42, 43 and 44 long years later, the Land Use Decree of 1978, promulgated by the military regime of General Olusegun Obasanjo, now retired, remains the governing law on land use in Nigeria. Before coastal lands are to be acquired proper environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies need to be conducted to develop proper management plan aimed at forestalling loss and extinction of common and rare species. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. It could also lead to fish kills and smothering of aquatic organisms. Narrating their ordeal to Premium Times last year, the residents whose hope of economic survival has been tampered with, have tales of woe to tell concerning their awful experience. Even the engines of our fishing boat are not spared. Accumulation of dredged spoil converts the swamp to terrestrial area and also changes the physico-chemistry of the coasts [3]. We use various techniques to reclaim land and protect shorelines using our state-of-the-art fleet of dredging vessels and specialized equipment. Invasion: this is as a result of the migration of people into coastal communities in search of new technologies that provide job opportunities. Ibidun Adelekan, claimed further in its article Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos that the present development of the Lekki Peninsula has been embarked upon with little or no consideration for sea-level rise, arguing that this trend poses serious risks of flooding. The system of reclaiming land can be achieved through various methods. In 2014, an area measuring 100m50m was dredged and sand filled. So, some observers are of the view that the recent flooding that are now common in these areas are not unconnected to the ongoing massive land reclamation. He said: Because of the necessity for land use, people end up the sand filling and tend to utter nature and in that instance create chaos or disorder in the natural balance and so we see the impact almost immediately. . Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprisingresidential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). Fast-growing cities in the Gulf and Southeast Asia are turning water into real estate at a spectacular pace and scale. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Conversion of coastal environment to terrestrial area through deforestation and solidification to terrestrial environment in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. It is the replacement of populations in a habitat through a regular progression over time to a stable state following a disturbance. Crude oil pipeline and well head situated in reclaimed coastal area in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. A manufacturing company in the production of herbal drugs, Afroganiks, has called for more research on drugs produced from herbs, while noting that, Herbal products most of the time cause kidney problems and organ failure in the body because they are not well dosed.. Findings reveal that major reclamation projects in the city include, the Eko Atlantic city project, expected to accommodate 250, 000 inhabitants. description of the basic customary land tenure rules in Nigeria. *Address all correspondence to: aroloyen@yahoo.com. There is nowhere along this zone that is more than 200 meters. Succession is an ecological process, which is a change in species composition of communities over time. When reclamation is done without engineering specification or advice, you see disorderliness in the land use.. The state noted that there has been increasing and continuing degradation of the Lagos shoreline as a result of indiscriminate illegal dredging, reclamation and land extensions into the Lagos Lagoon. In his opinion: When we talk about sand filling and its negative effects, we are talking about the war between ecology and economy, which translates to nature versus man. Changes in land form lead to changes in the biogeography of the area. Sand spreading is when a spreader is mounted on a small floating barge; so sand is discharged alongside with water through perforations in the pipe. This leads to the death or migration of amphibious species along the coast. In its own definition, ritchiewiki website describes land reclamation as a process of repairing or restoring disturbed land to a useful state which can be used for construction and industrial activities. As a result, offshore systems such as coral reefs and eel grass beds are readily degraded. Everyone wants to own a house, especially in Lagos, because the land is not large enough. Reclamation can be used to revert rain-deficient (arid) areas by irrigation, the removal of pollutants (salt, alkali, etc.) Lagos - 8,048,430 Lagos is one of earth's largest urban areas. The African Development Bank, Africa Union and Africa50 launched the Alliance during COP27 last November with global partners: the African Union Development Agency, the. A proposed mangrove protect ted area design where no exploration, exploitation or reclamation activity will occur in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Developmental activities are carried out in them through collaboration between Lagos state government and private developers. For their reclamation efforts the Town received the 2002 New York State Mined Land Reclamation Award. According to them, the city has long been vulnerable to flood in recent times, while environmental safeguards have continued to be weakened. This leads to the impairment of the health of aquatic and terrestrial organisms around the reclaimed area. Dredged and sand filled areas in Buguma, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Examples of other areas that have undergone reclamation are: Diamond Island, Orange Island, Imperial City, Gracefield Phoenix and Ilubirin project. Industry experts are also concerned with the level of compliance with existing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. It is a strategy for protecting or restoring the function, structure and species composition of an ecosystem while providing for its sustainable socioeconomic use. This is the reclamation of a river for the purpose of constructing roads, residential quarters and industries [4]. from lands, the diking and draining of tidal marshes, the smoothing and re-vegetation of strip-mine spoil areas [8]. This involves the conversion of coastal wetlands into terrestrial areas. Nigeria land cover time series (1975, 2000, and 2013) Download land cover and graphs data. They stand to benefit from future developments in the axis. Home > However, there was significant difference in species abundance in the study site T1 (130 species), T2 (116 species) and T3 (60 species). 86 of 1992 govern the EIA process in Nigeria. The Great Wall of Lagos will ensure that everyone living and working within the 10 square kilometres (6.2 miles) of reclaimed land for Eko Atlantic and the population of Victoria Island are protected from the sea, Frame assured. 5 Princes Gate Court, Also, many parts of the Netherlands (7,000 square kilometers coastal wetlands) were reclaimed from the sea. Centralization: these are lands that are regarded as focal points as a result of their economic value. Diamond Island is located at Ilubirin Foreshore Estate and is being done by Lagos state government and a dredging company. Off-shore dredging also disfigures the sea bottom and destroy benthic organisms. Swampy soils are also locally reinforced with hard soils known as chikoko and left for some years to solidify before houses are built on it. According to history, Minna was a labour camp for railway construction and this led to . The swamps are scooped away or reinforced with sand and concrete in other to produce a hard surface on which to construct foundations of buildings. The causes of land reclamation in the Niger Delta are grouped into two: (1) direct and (2) indirect causes. Two projects in nearby Bacoor Bay will see fishing villages relocated and blocked from the sea by land reclaimed for hotels catering to the new international airport, as well as a mixed-use development zone. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. Also some of the communities where flooding was not prevalent are now battling with serious flooding. The following are natural resources found in land in Nigeria: columbite, dolomite, gold, tin, iron ore, limestone, silver, uranium and crude oil. For instance, The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), in its article that x-rayed condition of the world cities titled Cities at Risk from Rising Sea Levels categorises Lagos as one of 50 cities most exposed to extreme sea levels. Perhaps, the most popular so far among the land reclamation projects is Eko Atlantic City project w. hich kick started in 2008. Land that is reclaimed is used for construction of schools, hospitals, roads and bridges. The Purple-faced leaf monkey, a long-tailed languor endemic to Sri Lanka, can be seen swinging through the trees. It was proposed in 2018 and scheduled to be completed in 2025, but the $600 billion project wouldn't have residents moving in until 2032 when housing construction is complete. Land reclamation impact the coastal environment in several ways (Table 1). Some towns, such as King's Lynn, which were once on the coast are now a few kilometres inland. Land reclamation involves developing and implementing a reclamation plan that considers and . This situation thus necessitated the reclamation of coastal areas to create more space for human habitation. The way the practice is being done in Nigeria encourages subsidence along the coast. Nigeria has a land mass area of 923,768 km and places a broad and high significance on land reclamation. Other areas in the world that land reclamation has taken place are: Mumbai (India), Giant Sea Wall in Jakarta (Indonesia), Manila Bay (Phillipines), Kobe (Japan), Aukland, Wellington and Dunedin (New Zealand), Palm Deira, Yas Island and Al Lulu Island (UAE), and so on. Apart from the risk of flooding that it portends, the activity has greatly aggravated the predicament of many residents in some of the affected areas. A field observation made indicates that seeds at the end of the sand filled area had better growth than seeds at the mouth of the entrance of the balkanized sand. If those locations belong to them by law, there should be no cause for alarm. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? Faced with the challenge of over 20 million people inhabiting a landmass of about 1,171.28 square kilometres, land reclamation has become a norm in Lagos to mitigate its pressing need for housing. Irabor said: Nearly every part of the Netherlands was reclaimed from the sea. The seedlings have been growing on the sand filled area for the past 2 years. The presence of mangroves along the coast stabilizes and reinforces the soil against erosion. Abia (state) Aba Arochukwu Umuahia Adamawa (state) Jimeta Mubi Numan Yola Akwa Ibom (state) Ikot Abasi Ikot Ekpene Oron Uyo Anambra (state) Awka Onitsha Bauchi (state) Azare Bauchi Jamaare Katagum Work Plan for Groundwater Study at Long Island Mines. How? Furthermore, census of species found in the area was made at the three study sites. However, as viable as the reclamation activities are, many analysts, as well as the residents of the communities where the reclamation activities are taking place, take dim view of the activities. Especially in Lagos, because the land use are generally small and and! To this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to in... 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