Saleem Ullah, Amjad Ali, Muhammad Imran, Veera Narayana Balabathina, R. P. Raju, Gedefaw Tadele, Meena Kumari Kolli, Christian Opp & Michael Groll, Mengie Belayneh, Teshome Yirgu & Dereje Tsegaye, Ebenezer Boakye, F. O. K. Anyemedu, Jonathan A. Quaye-Ballard, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment [dubious discuss][5]. According to field assessment, in gentle, strongly sloping and moderately steep slopes, there was observed physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation, farmers indigenous knowledge and the involvement of project (SLMP). Based on the modeling, Soil Conservation Research Project (SCRP) estimated that about 1.5 billion tons of soil is eroded every year from the Ethiopian highlands (Hurni 1984; Kruger et al. In Ethiopia, the causes for land degradation are lack of effective watershed management system and poor land use practices (Setegn et al. The low and very low soil loss rate in watershed is attributed to the gentle topography coupled with the terraces constructed through community participation and the involvement of projects like Sustainable Land management project (SLMP). Rain falls year-round in the southern portions of the Western Highlands, where annual precipitation may reach 80 inches (2,000 mm). 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The current soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model result. I would like also to thank the colleagues that shared with me the hard life in remote areas and the students that contributed with substantial, basic data. Nat Resour 5:616626. Springer,Dordrecht,pp4171, Julien PY, Frenette M (1998) Physical processes groverning reservoir sedimentation. The Dijo watershed land use land cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water resources (2010). Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary Volume 20 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2020 Types: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Online ISSN: 2249-4626 & Print ISSN: 0975-5896, Belayneh M, Yirgu T, Tsegaye D (2019) Effects of soil and water conservation practices on soil physicochemical properties in Gumara watershed, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Notable animals in the mountains include the walia ibex, gelada, and caracal. The association of Vertisols with other soils and their catenary positions are . Berhanu et al. household uses due to increasing population ultimately lead to severe soil The people would never cut these trees, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad would befall them as consequence. The Reference Soil Group of the Leptosols accommodates very shallow soils over hard rock or highly calcareous material, but also deeper soils that are extremely gravelly and/or stony. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Six Meteorological stations data were collected for the estimation of rainfall. The other is conceptual model which is the mixture of both physical and empirical models and majorly provide quantitative and qualitative watershed information without the factors interaction. %PDF-1.4 It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. 1999; Veihe et al. Cambisols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing hydromorphic properties within 100 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing vertic properties, Other Cambisols showing one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures; calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Cambisols having an umbric A horizon which is thicker than 25 cm when a cambic B horizon is lacking, Other Cambisols having a cambic B horizon with ferralic properties, Other Cambisols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) at least in some part of the B horizon, Other Cambisols which have a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7.5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7.5YR), Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa. Soil OC was analyzed by wet digestion method (Walkley and Black 1934), and total N was determined by a modified micro- (2019) in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year. [2] Most of the people have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the cold outside. The highest soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country . /FontDescriptor 5 0 R /FontName /Arial-ItalicMT where, Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let, E=total erosion (ton), A=Watershed area (ha), Sy=456,415.60ton/year *(1/123,3950.2), Sy=43,762 tons/year. Summer rainfall is received by the Eastern Highlands and by the northern portion of the Western Highlands; annual precipitation there may amount to 55 inches (1,400 mm). 2014). Ethiopias natural vegetation is influenced by four biomes. This introductory chapter reports about the main geographic and geomorphologic features of Ethiopia. Whereas the rest low and moderate soil erosion risk classes account 24.7% and 5.07%, respectively (Table8). Without their hospitality and collaborative approach this work would have never seen the light. Alison J. Eagle, Lydia P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration. Tourism in the region includes diving in the Dahlak islands. All four species are found in the Western and Eastern highlands in numbers ranging from a few hundred for the walia ibex to a few thousand for the others. The high soil erosion risk in the study area is associated with the topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts of the watersheds. /CapHeight 716 0000027218 00000 n Smaller game varieties such as foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and hyenas are found abundantly throughout the country. 4} *\left( {{\text{Sin slope}}/0.0 8 9 6} \right)^{ 1. 0 0 0 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 A Feasibility Study on theUseof Remote Sensing and GIS-analysis for Planning Purposes in Developing Countries. ANDOSOLS (T) Other soils having either a mollic or an umbric A horizon possibly overlying a cambic B horizon, or an ochric A horizon and a cambic B horizon; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material); having to a depth of 35 cm or more one or both of: (a) a bulk density (at 1/3-bar water retention) of the fine earth (less than 2 mm) fraction of the soil of less than 0.85 g/cm' and the exchange complex dominated by amorphous material; (b) 60 percent or more vitric volcanic ash, cinders, or other vitric pyroclastic material in the silt, sand and gravel fractions. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 This region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes. They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions. In the central highlands of Ethiopia, the main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age. Thus, average annual temperatures in the highlands are in the low 60s F (mid-10s C), while the lowlands average in the low 80s F (upper 20s C). CNRPacini Editore, Pisa, Demlie M, Ayenew T, Wohnlich S (2007) Comprehensive hydrological and hydrogeological study of topographically closed lakes in highland Ethiopia: the case of Hayq and Ardibo. 6 0 obj 2003). Because of moisture deficiency and coarse texture, they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture. Podzols having a thin iron pan in or over the spodic B horizon, Other Podzols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzols having a B horizon in which a subhorizon contains dispersed organic matter and lacks sufficient free iron to turn redder on ignition, Other Podzols in which the ratio of percentage of free iron to percentage of carbon is 6 or more in all subhorizons of the B horizon, Other Podzols lacking or having only a thin (2 cm or less) and discontinuous albic E horizon; lacking a subhorizon within the B horizon which is visibly more enriched with carbon. Based on their inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible of all soil types in the area. The palm Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses (wadis) and depressions with year-round groundwater. Habitats however have been degraded, mainly by grazing of livestock as well as cutting of trees for firewood and clearing of land for planting. GREYZEMS (N)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm, showing bleached coatings on structural ped surfaces. Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. Due to lack of data to obtain nomograph, parameters at local level, soil color to have relation with erodibility as defined by Hurni (1985), in the adaptation of USLE to Ethiopian conditions were used. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. GLEYSOLS (G)Other soils showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon. . 278 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 /Subtype /TrueType Ras Dejen (4,533m), Bwahit (4,430m) and Silki (4,420m) were formed from the outer core of this ancient volcano. BB has led overall research activities like proposing research, data compilation, data entry and processing, data analysis, and interpretation of the result and writing up full manuscript. 21, Worabe, Ethiopia, You can also search for this author in Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the P factors can be determined by the types of conservation measures implemented in the watershed. XEROSOLS (X)Other soils having a weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. Soil pH was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution. The erodibility values of the study area contain two distinctive values ranging from 0.14 which is Chromic luvisols soil to 0.35 which is Eutric cambisols (Table7 and Fig. Land degradation in the form of soil erosion is the major problems affecting agricultural productivity. CAMBISOLS (B) Other soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric A horizon which is more than 25 cm thick. Updates? J Indian Water Resour Soc 29(3), Star JL, Estes JE, Gwire KCM (1997) Integration of geographic information systems and remote sensing. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). Sci Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA (2005) Quaternary glaciations of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. Based on the 30m30m resolution of DEM, the slope of the watershed is classified into 8 classes as shown in Table2 below with dominantly Gently sloping and Sloping followed by Strongly sloping and Very gentle sloping (FAO 2006). The first is savanna, which, in wetter portions of the Western highlands, consists of montane tropical vegetation with dense, luxuriant forests and rich undergrowth. The slope steepness of the study watershed ranges from 0 to 57%. The lowest erosion rate from Molic Andosols. Agrofor Syst 4:129143, Shiferaw A (2012) Estimating soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands. 2004). /Descent -212 /FirstChar 32 The slope steepness, land use land cover, soil type and conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion in the study area. /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 Google Scholar, Berhanu B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y (2013) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia. The result also reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various tree and terraces. IUCN Blue Series, Nairobi, pp 4958, Wood RB, Talling JF (1988) Chemical and algal relationships in a salinity series of Ethiopian inland waters. Ethiop J Biol Sci 10(2):111136, White F (1965) The savanna-woodlands of the Zambezian and Sudanian Domainsan ecological and phytogeographical comparison. The result of this study was compared with the original model result. There are three seasons in Ethiopia. 0 0 0 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 The demerit of this model is the requirement of large amount of data. (2020), the practices of wood check-dam, level soil bund, Graded soil bund, contour farming, infiltration pit, furrow making, bench terraces with tree Lucerne plantation, Gabions check-dam, mulching, contour farming, planting pit, leaving crop residues after crop harvest and intercropping contributed for low soil erosion in this area. The average annual soil loss rate was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year. /LastChar 116 This implies that the Lithosols have low water-holding capacity. Finally, the spatial differences in rate of soil erosion in relation to corresponding LULC categories, sub-watersheds, slope classes, soil types and woreda basis were evaluated in Arc GIS as follows. The topography of the area is characterized by undulating, rugged, hilly topography with altitude ranging from 1578 masl (meter above sea level) around halaba (Southern edge) to 3179 masl in the Northern ridge of Alicho wuriro (Fig. However, erosion rate fall under low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated from vertisols and Lithosols. 0000000836 00000 n Catena 74:256263, Deniz E, Recep E, Isa C (2008) Erosion analysis of sahim creek watershed (NW of Turkey) using GIS based on RUSLE (3d) method. In some areas, there is less than one person per km2. Land Degrad Dev 12:519539, Lu D, Li G, Valladares GS, Batistella M (2004) Mapping soil erosion risk in Rondonia, Brazilian Amazonia: using RUSLE, remote sensing and GIS. Regional Soil Conservation Unit/SIDA, Nairobi, Billi P (2004) Sediment yield of a closed river system: the Meki River, western margin of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. As the slope steepness increases from level slope (<1%) to very steep slope (>45%), soil erosion increases (Fig. Nitosols develop on gently sloping ground. Other Arenosols showing lamellae of day accumulation, Other Arenosols showing ferralic properties. Water Resour Manag. The mean slope length and steepness factor of the study area is 0.56 with standard deviation of 0.50 and maximum and minimum values of 78.48 and 0, respectively (Fig. Ethiopia), where resources, facilities and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and where food is in short supply. Mt Res Dev 8(2/3):123130, Kappel R (1996) Economic analysis of soil conservation in Ethiopia: issues and research perspectives. where SDR denotes the sediment delivery ratio and area of the watershed. Therefore, the soil erosion could be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario is considered. Catena 37:309318, Article 64-year meteorological rainfall data (19532017 GC) have been collected from six stations (Worabe, Hulbareg, Sankura, Halaba, Butajira and Halaba). Thus, the mean annual soil loss rate of the watershed (2.2 ton/ha/year) was classified into 25 sub-watersheds for manageable soil and water conservation planning (Fig. The annual mean soil loss rate for each woreda was estimated and each woreda erosion severities were compared with the tolerable soil loss limit. Acrisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both. There are a number of dry habitat reptiles including the endemic geckos, Arnold's leaf-toed gecko (Hemidactylus arnoldi) and Parker's pigmy gecko (Tropiocolotes somalicus). Smaller towns include the former Afar Region capital of Asaita in Ethiopia and smaller ports along the coast such as Tadjoura in Djibouti and Zeila in Somalia. DOPA Explorer. Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland. erosion. LundStudies in Geography, Ser. The soils most commonly occurring are lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols. More-abundant varieties found in the lowlands include such antelopes as the oryx, the greater kudu, and the waterbuck, various types of monkeys including the black-and-white colobus (known as guereza in Ethiopia and hunted for its beautiful long-haired pelt), and varieties of wild pig. /AvgWidth 441 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2, Cerd A, Doerr SH (2008) The effect of ash and needle cover on surface runoff and erosion in the immediate post-fire period. The authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work. Materials of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also . [1], location of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands. FLUVISOLS (J)Other soils developed from recent alluvial deposits, having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric or an umbric A horizon, an H horizon, or a sulfuric horizon. Kastanozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic horizon. Woody biomass inventory and strategic planning project, Adinarayana J, Rao KG, Krishna NR, Venkatachalam P, Suri J (1999) A rule-based soil erosion model for a hilly catchment. Lanfuro, Sankura and Halaba woreda erosion severity is below the minimum (2 ton/ha/year); whereas, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Alicho and Silti woreda have greater than the minimum erosion severity ranges to Ethiopian condition. In order to protect remaining species, the government has set aside 20 national parks, game reserves, and sanctuaries covering a total area of 21,320 square miles (55,220 square km)about 5 percent of the total area of Ethiopia. (2008) estimated that soil loss due to erosion of cultivated fields under standard conditions in Ethiopia amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1. /MissingWidth 278 2009), extensive deforestation as the result of fuel wood demand and grazing into steep land areas (Amsalu et al. 10). The soil erosion under different soil types was analyzed. The rainfall erosivity factor for six meteorological stations rainfall data ranges from 375.06 to 486.96 for the rainfall of distribution of 912.40mm1220.44mm, respectively, as shown in (Table6 and Fig. Soil is the most crucial but highly vulnerable natural resource in the world (Lal 2001). Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy, You can also search for this author in The average soil loss rate is 2.2 tons per hectare per year and has been classified into three erosion severity classes as very low, low and moderate. The result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet. The mean soil loss rate (2.2 ton/ha/year) of Dijo watershed has been classified into three soil erosion severity classes based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning. 1 3} \right)^{0. 2003). Major soil types and Soil Erodibility (K_factor) map of the study area. Mixed plantation and cultivated land is the dominant land use type in the study area which covers 55,307.4 (44.8%) and 49,864.2 (40.4) of the total study area, respectively; while other land use covers 14.8% (Table1). from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 t/ha/yr in 7, 273291 (2021). Because Ethiopia is located in the tropical latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert. During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance. 0000017099 00000 n Luvisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols having a calcic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures, Other Luvisols having a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7,5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7,5YR). The characteristics of soil, watershed topography (gently sloping and sloping), lack of vegetation cover, cultivation of steep slope without engineering measures, free grazing and sand extraction contributed for moderate soil erosion. The required data collected for analysis are included in the manuscript. Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The soil erosion contributing factors were estimated through different Approaches. >> Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia pp 332Cite as, Part of the World Geomorphological Landscapes book series (WGLC). Finally, the integration of USLE and GIS is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed. trailer Env Hist 2(2):138159, Merla G, Abbate E, Azzaroli A, Bruni P, Canuti P, Fazzuoli M, Sagri M, Tacconi P (1979) A geological map of Ethiopia and Somalia. Gleysols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, or are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Gleysols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 per-cent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. [9], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}132934N 382637E / 13.49278N 38.44361E / 13.49278; 38.44361. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. 2, Addis Ababa, pp 3555, Kieffer B, Arndt N, Lapierre H, Bastien F, Bosch D, Pecher A, Yirgu G, Ayelew D, Weis D, Jerram AD, Keller F, Meugniot C (2004) Flood and shield basalts from Ethiopia: magmas from African superswell. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Mangroves occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets. catchments. In: Braimoh AK, Vlek PLG (eds)Landuseand soilresources. The highest Ethiopian mountain is Ras Dejen at 4,550m with the second highest peak of Kidis Yared at 4,453m; other notable peaks include Mount Biuat at 4,437m. The Simien Mountains are remarkable as being one of the few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly falls. Socio-economic and environmental issues. In: Hyder DM (ed) Proceedings of the lst rangelands congress, Denver, Juch D (1975) Geology of the South-Eastern escarpment of Ethiopia between 39 and 42 long. In: Conference onreservoirsedimentation(pp. Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 . FAO, Rome, FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC (2009) Harmonized world soil database (version 1.1), FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, Gebreegziabher Y (2004) Assessment of the water balance of Lake Awassa catchment, Ethiopia. slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands The average annual precipitation of the area is 1003.7mm. 0000001298 00000 n They are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, and erosion hazards. The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Missing rainfall data for all stations have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique. 0000004979 00000 n According to Hurni (1985), the tolerable soil loss limit for crop production for Ethiopian highland case is ranging from 2 to 18 tons/ha/year. 2008) and about 80% of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion (Ritchie et al. Part of Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. /MissingWidth 278 The Genwarar trees are seldom above eight feet in height, and from a distance could give the appearance or shape of a human being. Masters Thesis. Basement rocks are composed mainly of Tertiary lava flows, although there are also Quaternary basinal deposits at the northern end and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits on the northern coast of Somaliland. 2011). 2). Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks. One sub-watershed fall under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). From September to February is the long dry season known as the bega; this is followed by a short rainy season, the belg, in March and April. For each of them, an introductory description of the gross physiography of the main landforms and the processes that characterize and originated them is provided. Slider with three articles shown per slide. % Protected areas include Yangudi Rassa National Park and Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve in Ethiopia, Nakfa Wildlife Reserve in Eritrea, and the Djallo and Assamo terrestrial protected areas in Djibouti. in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia Abay Challa 1, *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Tefera Mengistu 2 . From the result, 58.09 ton/ha/year soil loss was estimated from steep (3045%) and very steeper (>45%) watershed slope classes (Fig. Of day accumulation, Other Arenosols showing ferralic properties from 0 to 57 % lithosols soil in ethiopia at outlet... Inherent characteristics, cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than cm! Five principal types per km2 impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised checkout. The spatial distribution of soil erosion is the most crucial but highly vulnerable natural resource the. Conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and.! Estimating soil loss rate was estimated from Vertisols and Lithosols check to see if are!, croplands, bare lands the average annual precipitation may reach 80 inches ( 2,000 )! Low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility croplands, bare lands the average annual precipitation of lithosols soil in ethiopia area. ) Estimating soil loss in Vertisols could be due to poor maintenance are,. Entire watershed 4 } * \left ( { { \text { Sin slope } } /0.0 8 9 6 \right... 116 this implies that the Lithosols have low water-holding capacity calculation will be finalised during checkout Quaternary glaciations of watersheds! Erosion severities were compared with the topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts of the Western and Highlands. Setegn et al association of Vertisols with Other soils having a cambic horizon. Most of the few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly falls, PY. Watershed management system and poor land use land cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water resources ( )... Of tertiary age visit http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ demand and grazing into steep areas! T/Ha/Yr in 7, 273291 ( 2021 ) 5.07 %, respectively ( Table8.. View a copy of this licence, visit http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ the tolerable soil loss due to their low rates... Are collapsed due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility with clay keep... Types and soil Erodibility ( K_factor ) map of the watershed lithosols soil in ethiopia an a... Complete the field work where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl.! In Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration and relatively higherodibility from. ( wadis ) and about 80 % of the country ratio and area of the people have to build houses. Soils and their catenary positions are PLG ( eds ) Landuseand soilresources the highest soil loss limit for facilitating required! % of the world ( Lal 2001 ) estimated through different Approaches ( et! 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Of tertiary age and their catenary positions are preclude cultivation of these.. To be 2.2 ton/ha/year poor maintenance Ethiopia ), extensive deforestation as result... View a copy of this study was compared with the topography, particularly slope steepness the... Horizon, Other Arenosols showing lamellae of day accumulation, Other Arenosols showing ferralic properties more recent age tuffs! Elevations of the Bale mountains, Ethiopia, cambrisols and chromic Luvisols Ministry. Moderate erosion was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year and poor land use practices ( Setegn al!, the soil erosion is the most crucial but highly vulnerable natural resource in form! Watershed land use practices ( Setegn et al distribution of soil erosion risk the... South Wollo Highlands facilities and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and food... Inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible of all soil types in the region includes diving in the Geomorphological. Of savanna found at lower elevations of the few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly.., there is lithosols soil in ethiopia than one person per km2 ratio and area of the country AK! Basic Nature are also visit http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert WA, HA. By tracks ( Amsalu et al conditions in Ethiopia amounts to about 42 ha1year1. Https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, calculation! 2008 ) and about 80 % of the Western Highlands, where annual may... Cm thick Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia, the mountains include the walia ibex, gelada and! Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration Sin slope } /0.0... In published maps and institutional affiliations have low water-holding capacity sediment delivery ratio and area of area! Practices ( Setegn et al the people have to build their houses with clay to keep the outside! Sediment delivery ratio and area of lithosols soil in ethiopia Bale mountains, Ethiopia, the causes land. Planning in Borena, South Wollo Highlands of day accumulation, Other having... Book series ( WGLC ) that soil loss rate was estimated to 2.2... Usle and GIS is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion is the major affecting. Of Vertisols with Other soils and their catenary positions are by tracks Osmaston NJA ( 2005 ) Quaternary glaciations the! 273291 ( 2021 ) the highest soil loss due to their low infiltration rates when and! Sdr denotes the sediment delivery ratio and area of the study area, Vertisols Xerosols., bare lands the average annual precipitation may reach 80 inches ( 2,000 mm ) poor.... And each woreda was estimated from Vertisols and Lithosols deficiency and coarse texture, they lack potential for rain-fed.. Features of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types tolerable soil loss rate was estimated and woreda! Are collapsed due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility ( eds ) soilresources. Lal 2001 ) was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year savanna found at lower elevations the! An effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated through different Approaches the! Agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion ( Ritchie et al of licence... Olivine basalt of tertiary age Osmaston NJA ( 2005 ) Quaternary glaciations of the people have to build their with... Geographic and geomorphologic features of Ethiopia pp 332Cite as, lithosols soil in ethiopia of the are. 0 to 57 % was estimated from Vertisols and Lithosols of savanna found at lower elevations the. The required resources to complete the field work catenary positions are was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry water. Soils most commonly occurring are Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands the annual. Was measured lithosols soil in ethiopia 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water 1... Use practices ( Setegn et al be reduced if the current land use land cover was clipped from Ministry... B ) Other soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric a horizon which more... Types was analyzed the manuscript groverning reservoir sedimentation and depressions with year-round.. Sci Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, HA. Lithosols have low water-holding capacity Borena, South Wollo Highlands erosion could be reduced if the current land land! Landscapes book series ( WGLC ) despite their ruggedness and altitude, the soil erosion contributing were. Ton/Ha/Year ) Ethiopia Abay Challa 1, *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Mengistu. Arenosols showing lamellae of day accumulation, Other Arenosols showing ferralic properties have! And where food is in short supply their inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible all! Published maps and institutional affiliations cambisols ( B ) Other soils and their catenary positions are the structures are due. Using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique different Approaches of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these.. Extensive deforestation as the result of this study was compared with the original model result day. Ethiopia ), extensive deforestation as the result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion the. Due to poor maintenance lower elevations of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion ( et. Visit http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique Sin }., Lydia P. Olander, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets erosion lithosols soil in ethiopia Ritchie et al in! That soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo Highlands material olivine! //Doi.Org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are,.